What is a Pap Test?

A Pap test is used to screen cells for possible precancerous changes that may lead to cervical cancer. Women who undergo a Pap test yearly are less likely to develop cervical cancer. Since cervical cancer is usually slow growing, it can often be detected with a Pap smear before the pre-cancerous cells reach the cervical cancer stage. This test is usually done during an annual gynecological exam. In addition to detecting pre-cancerous cells, the Pap smear can also find vaginitis, infections and some STD's.

It is recommended that women begin a yearly Pap smear regimen beginning at 18 years old or at the beginning of any sexual activity. Do not use any vaginal medications and do not douche at least 42 hours before a Pap smear. Do not have intercourse at least a day before, as this may change the results of your test. For best results, schedule it for the middle of your monthly cycle. A Pap smear cannot be given while you have your period.

Before your test, your doctor will probably look over your medical history and ask you about your cycles. Be sure to tell him or her about any problems or changes you have seen with your cycle or your periods. If you have experienced any vaginal pain, odor, discharge, cramping or spotting, be sure to let your health provider know.

The actual Pap smear procedure is quick. You will be asked to lay on your back with your bottom at the edge of the table. Your feet will probably be placed in stirrups. A lubricated speculum will be inserted, which may give you a feeling of pressure. Your doctor will examine your vagina and cervix. A swab will be used to scrape the surface of the epithelial layer of the cervix. These cells are placed on a slide and are sent to a pathology lab for assessment.

Normally the cells on the cervix have a dense and small nucleus without the presence of a keratin layer. Pre-malignant cells are referred to as dysplasia. If left untreated, dysplasia can turn into cervical cancer. Minor changes of the cervix can be detected with a Pap smear, allowing the physician to look further for the reason and possible treatment.

If your Pap smear is normal, you may be notified by mail. If it is abnormal and shows changes in the cells, you will most likely be diagnosed with dysplasia. If you have a Pap smear performed annually, these cell changes are less likely to have become cancerous, making the dysplasia very treatable. If your test reveals a sexually transmitted disease or infection, you will be asked to come in for further examination and treatment.

Pap smears will become routine if you go annually for a physical by your gynecologist. They are not normally painful, although you may feel pressure and a moment of discomfort. The benefits greatly outweigh any embarrassment or discomfort you experience, so be sure you have an appointment already made for your annual physical.